SECTION
I: Single Audits and OMB Circular A-133
Chapter 1: Single Audits: Background and History
The Single Audit Act * Revisions to Circular A-133 * The Structure of Circular A-133 * ‘Non-Federal Entity’ * National Single Audit Sampling Project * ARRA * FFATA
Chapter 2: The A-133 Audit Requirement
The Basic Audit Requirement * Federal Awards * Frequency of Audits * Relation to Other Audit Requirements * Allowability of Audit Costs * Sanctions
Chapter 3: Auditee Responsibilities
Identifying Federal Awards Received * Maintaining Internal Controls * Complying with Applicable Laws and Regulations * Preparation of Financial Statements and the Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards * Arranging for Audits: Circular A-110 Requirements * Follow-Up on Audit Findings * Report Submission
Chapter 4: The Federal Role
The Cognizant Agency for Audit * Awarding Agency Responsibilities
* The Role of the Federal Audit Clearinghouse * The Management Decision
Chapter 5: Roles and Responsibilities of Pass-through Entities
Identify Source of Federal Funds * Legal and Other Grant Requirements * Monitor Activities * Ensure A-133 Requirements Are Met * Issue Management Decisions * Adjust Records * Access to Records
Chapter 6: The Role of the Auditor
Financial Audits * Compliance Auditing * Auditing Internal Controls * Major Federal Programs
Chapter 7: The Single Audit Report
The Auditor’s Report * Nature of Audit Findings * National Single Audit Sampling Project: Completeness of Reports
Chapter 8: Selecting and Engaging an Auditor
Responsibilities of the Auditee * The Role of the Institution’s Audit Committee * The Auditor Selection Team * Federal Requirements for Auditor Procurement * The Audit Procurement Process * Selecting an Audit Firm to Bid on Audit Work * The Request for Proposal * Evaluating the Auditor Proposal * Auditor Engagement * Additional Protections to Consider * Procuring an Audit Firm for Both Audit and Nonaudit Services
Chapter 9: Preparing for and Managing an A-133 Audit
Preparing for an A-133 Audit * What Will Take Place During the Audit * The Role of the OMB A-133 Compliance Supplement * Managing the Audit * Dealing with Adverse Findings * Public Disclosure of Audit Results * The Management Representation Letter * The Lawyer’s Letter
Chapter 10: The Fourteen Compliance Requirements
Internal Control and Improper Payments * (A) Activities Allowed or Unallowed * (B) Allowable Costs/Cost Principles * (C) Cash Management * (D) Davis-Bacon Act * (E) Eligibility * (F) Equipment and Real Property Management * (G) Matching, Level of Effort, Earmarking * (H) Period of Availability of Federal Funds * (I) Procurement, Suspension, and Debarment
* (J) Program Income * (K) Real Property Acquisition and Relocation Assistance * (L) Reporting * (M) Subrecipient Monitoring * (N) Special Tests and Provisions
Chapter 11: Detailed Guidance on Auditing Direct and Indirect Costs
Compensation for Personal Services * Equipment Acquisitions * Consultants and Purchased Services * Scholarships, Fellowships, and Training * Service Centers and Shared Costs * Operation and Maintenance Expenses * General Administration Expenses * Sponsored Projects Administration Expenses * Library Expenses * Departmental Administration * Student Administration and Services * Application of Research Rate
Chapter 12: Avoiding Potential Problems with Subrecipients and Subcontractors
Requirements Concerning Subcontractors * Requirements Relating to Subrecipients
Chapter 13: Resolving Post-Audit Disputes
The Federal Government’s Audit Review Process: An Overview * Reviewing Audit Reports: Reaching a Final Decision * Arguments Advanced by Institutions * Sanctions * Appeals of Final Management Decisions * Appeals Bodies and Mechanisms * Obtaining Due Process in Grant Disputes Where No Appeals Mechanism Exists * Other Appeals * Legal References
Chapter 14: Inspector General Audits
The OIG Audit Process * Identifying OIG Audit Targets * NSF and HHS OIG Audits * ARRA Reviews
Section II: IRS Audits of Colleges and Universities
Chapter 15: Preparing for and Managing an IRS Audit 307
Introduction * The IRS Structure of Audits for Exempt Organizations * Establishing a Tax Compliance Program * Types of IRS Audits * How the IRS Selects Institutions for the Audit * How the IRS Prepares for the Audit * Preparing for an IRS Audit * The Examination Meeting * The IRS Document Request * What Records to Expect the IRS to Request * Financial Statements * Completion of the Examination * The Appeal of an Adverse Determination * Post-Audit Procedures
Chapter 16: Guidance on Common Issues in IRS Audits of Colleges and Universities
Employment Tax Audit Issues * Scholarships, Fellowships, and Research Stipends * Taxation of Payments to Foreign Students and Other Foreign Nationals * Reporting Foreign Bank Accounts * Private Inurement, Excess Benefit Transactions, and Intermediate Sanctions * Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT) * Fundraising and Other Contributions * Corporate Sponsorships * Political Activity * Debt Structure * Tax-Exempt Bonds * Determining Taxability of Research and Development Projects * Joint Ventures